II.Read
Readthefollowingpassages.Underlinetheimportantviewpointswhilereading.
1.GiveStudentsMoreLeeway
Theyearsago,theShanghaiPublicSecurityBureauissuedfourpassportseachday.Nowthestaffmustworklonghourstoprocessmorethan1,000aday.
PeoplesDailyreportsthatmorethan70,000Chinesestudentsandscholarsarenowstudyingabroadwithstillmorereadytogo.
Whilemanypeopleareworriedaboutthebraindrainproblem,thearticlesaidthatwhateverthemotivesofstudentswholeave,thereisnodoubtthattheycherishadeepfeelingtowardsthemotherland.
Ithasbeensuggestedthatpeoplewhofailtoreturnontimeshouldbegrantedtemporaryleaveformtheirpoststoencouragethemtoreturnatanytime.
Amongthosewhojoinedtherecentrushabroad,morethanhalfwenttofurthertheirstudiesandkeepupthelatestacademicachievements.Accordingtoasurveyconductedamongsome7,000scientificresearchersinShanghai,82percentbelievedthattheirexperiencesabroadwerefruitful.Halfsaidtheyhadmadeheadwayintheirwork.
Meanwhile,theysaidtheycontinuedtofollowwithgreatconcernthedevelopmentoftheircountryseconomicreforms.AscholarwithadoctoratefroNewYorkUniversityhadwrittenover100,000wordsofsuggestionstotheChinesecentralgovernment,thearticlereported.
Lonelinesswasfoundtobetheworstenemyofthestudentslivingawayfromtheirfamiliesandhomeland.
Thebraindrainfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisinternationalphenomenon.InChina,backwardmanagementandunreasonabledistributionsystems,togetherwithourlivingandworkingconditions,haveledtothedepartureofmanyintellectuals.
Aftermygraduationfromuniversity,Ihavespentfouryearsinmyofficereadinganewspaperwithacupofteaeveryday.Iwanttogoabroadtostartanewlife,anda25-year-oldtechnicalworkerwhowaswaitingfroavisafromtheJapaneseConsulate.
Somestudentsandscholarshadstayedinforeigncountriesbeyondtheirtimelimitforonereasonoranother.Forthistheyhadbeenlabeledunpatriotic.
ButpeoplesDailycalledformoretrustandunderstandingofthosestudents.
AscholarstudyingandworkingatanAmericanuniversitysaidhewouldreturntoChinaassoonashisdaughterfinishedsecondaryschoolintheUS.
AyoungscholarataShanghairesearchinstitutesaidhecouldnotmangetoconductresearchwithameagerStateallocationof2,000yuanayear.InAmerica,hecanget$24,000ayearforuseinresearch,sohedecidedtostayonaftergettinghisdegree.
Insuchcases,mostworkunitesbackinChinadismissthosewhofailtoreturnontime.Thishurtsthefeelingsofmanywhoarewillingtoreturnlater,thearticlesaid.
Atthesametime,thosewhodoreturnfaceajobproblem.
Chinasirrationalemploymentandpersonnelsystempreventssomefromfullyusingtheskillsandknowledgetheyhaveacquiredabroad.
AiXiaobai,withaPhDinPhysics,wroteto11institutionsofhigherlearninginChina.Twoofthemrefusedhimandtheothersdidnotevenanswerhim.JustbeforedecidingtogobacktoAmerica,hewashiredbyaChineseresearchinstitutewhichknewofhim.
2.PersonalProgressandJob-hopping
Inmanypartsoftheworld,personalinfluenceisalmostessentialingettingahead.Oneneedsagodfather,asponsor.Herethatisnottrue.Naturallyallpeopleuseinfluencesometimes,butonerarelyadvancesfaronthatbasisaloneintheUnitedStates.Heretraitswhichleadtosuccessaregenerallyconsideredtobethewillingnesstoworkhard(atanykindofjob),scholarshiporskill,initiative,anagreeableandoutgoingpersonality.Inotherwordsevenintherealmofpersonalprogress,thisisado-it-yourselfsociety.Byandlarge,successisneitherinheritednorbestowed.Thismeans,therefore,thatouremploymentpracticesaredifferentfromthoseinmanyothercountries.
Insomenationsitisconsidereddisloyaltoquitajob;deepreciprocalloyaltiesexistbetweenemployeeandemployer(recipientandpatroninmanycases);lifelongjobsecurityandfamilyhonorarefrequentlyinvolved.
ThisisnottrueintheUnitedStates.Job-hoppingispartofourconstantmobility.Weconsideritarighttobeabletobetterourselves,tomoveupward,tojumpfromcompanytocompanyifwecankeepqualifyingformoreresponsible(andthereforebetter)jobs.
Thisinterchangeabilityoppersonnelseemsunreasonabletosomemembersofforeignnations.Whereareoutroots?Howcanwebesocoldandinhuman?Weact,somesay,asifweweredealingwithmachines,nothumans.TheydonotunderstandthatagreatmanyAmericansliketomoveabout.Newjobspresentnewchallenges,newopportunities,newfriends,newexperiences-oftenanewpartofthecountry.
Theemployermaybequitecontenttoo.Perhapshehashadthebestofthatmansthinking;anewpersonmaybringinfreshideas,improvedskills,ornewabilities.Then,too,anewcomerwillprobablystartatalowersalaryforhewillhavenoseniority.Hoppingissoreadilyacceptedhere,infact,thatagoodmanmaybouncebackandforthamongtwoorthreecorporations,beingwelcomedbacktohisoriginalcompanymorethanoncethroughhiscareer,eachtimeaatadifferentlevel.
3.ResidentsGoOverseastoSeekTheirFortunes
ShanghaihasbecomeafavouriteinvestmentspotwithforeignerseagertogetafinancialfootholdinChina.
Andwiththedevelopmentofitsexport-orientedeconomy,thecitylookssettobecomeaninternationaltradeandfinancialcenteronthewestbankofthePacificOcean.
ButmanyShanghaipeoplearenotcontentsimplytositandwaitfortheforeignerstocometothem-theywanttogoabroadthemselvestotrytheirluck.
TheShanghainesehaveareputationforbeingabletofindworktheworldover.BeforethefoundingofNewChinain1949mhundredsofthousandsofthemweretradingthroughouttheworld.
Inthe1950sand1960swhenthecountrywaspursuingitscloseddoorpolicy,hundredsoffactories,researchinstitutesanduniversitiesinvolvingmorethanImillionpeople-weremovedfromShanghaiintotheinlandareastosupportthenationssocialistconstruction.Now,peoplewithShanghaiaccentscanbefoundalloverthecountry.
Thecurrentpolicyofdevelopingtheexport-orientedeconomyinthecoastalareashasstimulatedtheShanghaipeoplesdesiretoheadoffforforeignparts.
And,accordingtotheShanghai-basedJiefangDaily,thebestwayfrothemtodothisistoengageinbusinessorprovidelabourandtechnicalservicestoothercountries.
Shanghaihadtoomanypeoplechasingtoofewjibs,sothissurpluslabourforcecouldsolvethelabourshortageswhichexistinsomeotherpartsoftheworld.
Workersmonthlywagesabroadcanbe100timeswhattheyareinChina-althoughthecostoflivingislikelytobemuchhigherinsomecountries.
Furthermore,whileworkingoverseas,theChineseworkerswouldgetthechancetolearnadvancedtechnologyandtobecomeentrepreneursandspecialists,thuspromotingtradeandeconomicco-operationbetweenChinaandothercountries.
JiefangDailysuggestslocalauthoritiesshouldtakethefollowingmeasurestopromoteexportsoflabour:
Setuplabourservicegroupstoundertakecontractualprojectsabroad.Shanghaiworkershavetakenpartinmanyoverseasprojectsinthepast,suchasconstructionofrailways,factoriesandotherbuildings.Withtheirhighreputation,theywouldbeaforcetobereckonedwithontheworldlabourmarket.
Establishemployer-employeeintroductionoffices.Drivers,repairmen,nurses,housemaids,hairdressers,cooksandworkersinvolvedingardeningandconstructionareingreatdemandinmanycountriesandtheseofficescouldprovidetrainingandactasabridgebetweenemployersandemployees.
Encouragepeopletolookforjobsthemselves.AsmanyShanghairesidentshaverelativesoverseas,theycouldeasilygethelpinfindingworkabroad.
Promoteco-operationbetweentheStateandindividuals.Iflocalpeopleareencouragedtoworkabroad,workerswithspecialskillswouldflowoutofthecountry,thuscreatingabraindrain.Tosolveandprivateinterests.Whenworkersgoabroadattheirownexpense,theenterprisestheyworkforshouldgivethemfavourabletreatmentwhentheyreturn.Whileworkingoverseas,theworkersshouldhelptheirenterprisesopenuptotheworldmarket.
Shanghairesidentshavestrongaspirationstoexpandtheirlivingspaceandtheyaregoodattrading.Butfirstpriorityshouldbegiventoentrepreneurswhoarebraveenoughtojourneyoutintotheworldandbuildsuccess.
Beforethefoundingofnewchina.Anumberofworld-renownedfiguressuchasshippingmagnatePaoYueKangandthecomputerkingWangAnwereraisedinShanghai.ItisexpectedthatagroupofnewmagnateswillemergewhenShanghaientrepreneursentertheworldeconomy.
NowthatShanghaiiscapableofbuilding100,000-ton-classvesselsandmanufacturingsophisticatedprecisionbuildingmachines,powerfulgeneratorscolourtelevisionsandbicycles,thereisnoreasonwhythecitycouldnotcreateagroupofworld-classshippingkings,buildingmachinekingsandbicyclekings.
Withasolidindustrialfoundationandtechnicalforce,Shanghaicouldalsosetupfactoriesandshopsoverseastocompetewithforeigncounterparts.Shanghai-madebrands,verypopularathomenow,willsurelycaptureasliceoftheworldmarketifsalespromotionisemphasized.
Shanghaiproducesqualityclothshoesofgoodworkmanship.Butitsexportsare$1.1billionannually,onlyhalfofTaiwanstotal,duetotheneglectofsalespromotionoverseas.
Shanghaiboastsnumerousspecialistsinthefieldsofscience,technology,cultureandeducation.TheseexpertscouldearnagooddealofforeignexchangefortheStateiftechnicalserviceswereofferedtocountriesthatbadlyneedskilledworkersinhigh-techindustries.
Thecitycanalsodirectlyexporttechnologyandsoftwareandcontractscientificresearchprojectsabroad,asitpossessesadvantagesinthefieldsoflaser,opticalfibre,microelectronicsandbiologicalengineeringtechnology.